Dr. John Rao argues that a deep study of the late 1400's and early 1500's reveals many vibrant elements in Catholic theological, philosophical, mystical, and broad cultural life. Major reform movements, such as those in Spain, were well underway, and smaller ones were beginning everywhere. But the Church was nevertheless in a desperate state. The Papacy and hierarchy in general were highly politicized, problems involving lack of residence and accumulation of bishoprics abounded, disputes among religious orders and different schools of thought were endemic, and the Ottoman Turks were advancing without stop. Taken from: Protestant Rebellion and Catholic Reform (1517-1648) - 1997 Von Hildebrand Institute