Battles in the years from the 1850's through the 1880's were very bitter. Bishops and ordinary priests suffered imprisonment in many cases. Some religious orders left countries of their origin. Magnificent Catholic Action groups and political parties grew up to fight the struggles Dr. John Rao outlines. In some cases, they even won serious and long-lasting victories. In others, their loss was tragic. Taken from: Phoenix in a Fiery World: Church in the 19th Century - 1999 VonHildebrand Institute