Nineteenth century struggles in Iberia and South America involved persecution of the Church, expropriations of her property, and thorough-going secularization of political and social life. Masonic movements were very active. Monsignor Ignacio Barreiro shows, however, that stiff resistance, often involving civil war, was also offered. Taken from: Phoenix in a Fiery World: Church in the 19th Century - 1999 VonHildebrand Institute