Dr. John Rao analyzes the heresy of Americanism. Pope Leo XIII addressed the encyclical 'Testem Benevolentiae' to James Cardinal Gibbons of Baltimore in 1899. While paying lip service to the encyclical, most liberal American prelates at the time, including Gibbons, denied having any part in the heresy. In this way Americanism foreshadowed Modernism. Listen to Dr. John Rao's important analysis of Americanism.